https://cgmr.carleton.edu/files/original/dabc02147d805da8bcafaf7dab65b21d.JPG 4064f549dbb62a9dcae24258299219bf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Romans Sack Jerusalem (~70 AD) Subject The topic of the resource Papal Processions Description An account of the resource The Romans sack Jerusalem, taken from the inside wall of the Arch of Titus in Rome, Italy. This reflects how Romans viewed Jews, and how they valued Jewish artifacts. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2/18/2007 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Sack of Jerusalem depicted on the inside wall of the Arch of Titus in Rome, Italy, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sack_of_jerusalem.JPG https://cgmr.carleton.edu/files/original/0ac61abde2f28aaf437394e852955aea.JPG 0443fcdcd9a013ba77325984b1020fce Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Remains of the Orsini Fortress Complex Subject The topic of the resource Papal Processions Description An account of the resource The remnants of the Orsini Fortress Complex, which once included a tower, a fortress made of the Pompey theater's ruins, an oven, a garden, and a house. Now it houses a restaurant and some apartments. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Teddy Wolfe (2020) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/31/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights held by creator https://cgmr.carleton.edu/files/original/300f12fa64a271d288ca9ad2191197eb.png 88221ba069f6a44fe7237756a6320692 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pompey Theater (3D Model) Subject The topic of the resource Papal Processions Description An account of the resource A 3D recreation of what Pompey Theater would have looked like during Roman times. The building's ruins were transformed into Arpacata, an Orsini fortress. This site was where the Jews met with the Pope during the Papal Procession. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 9/30/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Lasha Tskhondia, 2012, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theatre_of_Pompey_3D_cut_out.png. Place A location with a street address or larger region. Examples include building, statue, piazza, fountain, port, neighborhood, paintings, sculptures, frescoes, floors. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Teddy Wolfe (2020) Edited by Ella Parke (2027) and Julia Tassava (2026) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context orsinifortress_2019 Title A name given to the resource Jews at the Orsini Fortress Description An account of the resource The position of Jews in 12th century Rome was complex, and nowhere was this more apparent than in processions. Their role was to present the pope with a set of laws for his ratification at what was known as the Arpacata, an Orsini family fortress, which is now known as the Palazzo Pio Righetti in Campo de’Fiori. The pope would then reject them, grabbing a Torah from the Jewish leaders and ceremonially dropping it on the ground. This was part of a medieval agreement in which the pope guaranteed Jews protection, but publicly presented them as vastly inferior to Christians. The pope held this power and others over the Jewish people, maintaining a paternalistic relationship with them. The Church held that the Jews’ belief in the Old Testament signified the truth of Christianity, yet their suffering in the diaspora showed that God punished them for rejecting Christ. As such, the Church made sure that Christians got privileges that Jews didn’t. An example of this is how various popes restricted the Jews’ ability to construct new synagogues, and allowed Christian leaders to claim existing synagogues if those leaders wanted to use the property for themselves. Yet Jews also were granted various political rights, which were only occasionally enforced, like citizenship, protection from attacks on synagogues, and the right to not be tried during the Sabbath. As for the Arpacata fortress itself, it was controlled mainly by the Orsini family during the 12th century, an incredibly powerful and wealthy family in Rome. Over the course of about a hundred years, they managed to buy up properties all around the area, accumulating a tower, oven, garden, and house nearby. The Arpacata was one of three fortresses they controlled throughout the city, built on top of the old ruins of the Roman Theatre of Pompey near the Campo de’ Fiori. It lasted a long time, being passed down between the Pierleone, Savelli, Massimi, and Orsini families, but sadly was torn down sometime during the 20th century. Currently, Palazzo Pio stands where the Orisini fortress would have been. Why this structure was chosen for the procession is not explicitly stated, but there is evidence many Jews lived nearby, plus the fortress and nearby Campo de’ Fiori were also important landmarks in the city. Additionally, it's important to note that this ceremony also took place at other fortresses over the years, including the aforementioned Castel Sant’Angelo. This distinction makes it clear that the goal of this procession stop was to demonstrate the Pope’s control over the Jews, but it doesn’t answer why the Arpacata was chosen over other fortresses. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Blewitt, Octavian and John Murray. Handbook for Travellers in Central Italy [by O. Blewitt], 1853. Brentano, Robert. Rome before Avignon: A Social History of Thirteenth-Century Rome. New York City, NY: Basic Books, 1974) Gregorovius, Ferdinand. History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. G. Bell & Sons, 1906. Macadam, Alta and Annabel Barber. The Blue Guide to Rome. London, England: Blue Guides Limited, 2016. Partridge, Loren. The Art of the Renaissance in Rome (1400-1600). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 1996. Rist, Rebecca. Popes and Jews, 1095-1291. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2016. Stinger, Charles L. The Renaissance in Rome. Bloomington Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1998. Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1100s Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Via del Biscione, 1, 00186 Roma RM Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1100s papal processions