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                  <text>Bell Tower and Roof of San Silvestro </text>
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                  <text>A closeup of the medieval bell tower and roof that survive today</text>
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                  <text>Spencer Lekki (2021)</text>
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                  <text>Facade of San Silvestro in Capite </text>
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              <text>Spencer Lekki (2021)&#13;
&#13;
Edited by Julia Tassava (2026)</text>
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              <text>San Silvestro in Capite </text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;San Silvestro in Capite is a church with a rich legacy in Rome before it became the home of the Franciscans and the object of Colonna patronage. A Dominican convent in the 13th century, it served as the base for rent collection for the church’s multitude of property holdings both inside and outside of Rome.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;In 1285 when Pope Honorius IV disbanded the monastery and dispersed the Dominican brothers within, Cardinal Giancomo Colonna seized the opportunity to put his own mark on the space. Fresh from a conflict with the former Pope Boniface VIII when he was forced to leave Rome and relinquish some of his land, Giancomo began grand projects to rebuild the Colonna family prestige. These included the mosaic program in Santa Maria Maggiore, fire repairs to the Lateran complex, and taking charge of small, run down Benedictine monasteries, such as San Silvestro and the nearby San Lorenzo in Panisperna. He rededicated these old monasteries to the Poor Clares.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;The Clares entered the urban church from their monastery outside the city and began practicing business in addition to their usual spiritual pursuits. They collected the rent from the church’s land and overall became more involved in the business aspect of owning these vast holdings.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Also notable is the immense amount of Colonna patronage that the church began to receive in exchange for accepting Colonna men into the convent and burial and remembrance practice for notable members of the family. Over time San Silvestro became a family church, a site where wealth and lands could be religiously and respectfully displayed, while still acting as a beacon of family power in the urban landscape.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;While most of the medieval art has been covered up or moved, original columns and inscriptions can be found in the courtyard behind the façade. The altar from the church is said to have been moved to either Santi Nereo e Achilleo or San Cesareo in Palatio, both of which are by the Baths of Caracalla. Additionally, if you stand further back in the piazza out front, you can see the top of the old medieval roof and the campanile, or bell tower, which still stands today.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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              <text>Brentano, Robert. &lt;em&gt;Rome before Avignon: A Social History of Thirteenth-century Rome&lt;/em&gt;. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Graham, Emily E. “Memorializing Identity: The Foundation and Reform of San Lorenzo in Panisperna.” &lt;em&gt;Franciscan Studies&lt;/em&gt; 75 (2017): 467-495. https://muse.jhu.edu/</text>
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              <text>1285</text>
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              <text>1300s</text>
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              <text>Piazza di S.Silvestro, 17A, 00187 Roma RM</text>
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              <text>1200s</text>
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